Exploring Key Automated QA Testing Tools
Intro
Automated QA testing tools are essential components in today’s software development landscape. They serve to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of testing processes, ultimately impacting the quality of software products. This examination will explore the significance of these tools, the various types available, their key features, leading solutions in the market, and best practices for their implementation. By understanding these aspects, professionals can utilize automated testing effectively.
Overview of Core Features
Automated QA testing tools encompass various functionalities that enable seamless and effective testing of applications. The essential features of these tools include:
- Test Automation: The primary function allows users to create and execute tests automatically, reducing the need for manual testing.
- Integration Capabilities: Many tools offer integration with development environments and CI/CD pipelines, making it easier to incorporate tests into the overall workflow.
- Reporting and Analytics: A robust reporting feature helps users track test results and analyze test performance over time, aiding in decision-making.
- Cross-Platform Testing: Tools that support testing across multiple platforms ensure that applications perform consistently on different devices and operating systems.
- Performance Testing: This feature evaluates how applications respond under varying load conditions, ensuring reliability and stability.
Comparing features across popular solutions like Selenium, JUnit, and TestComplete provides insight into their functionalities. Selenium excels in test automation for web applications, while JUnit focuses on Java applications. TestComplete provides a comprehensive solution with support for desktop and mobile testing as well.
User Experience and Interface
The user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design of automated testing tools play a vital role in how effectively teams can utilize them. A clean, intuitive interface reduces the learning curve and allows testers to focus on creating and running tests rather than wrestling with complicated menus.
Insights into UI/UX Design Aspects
An effective UI should prioritize ease of use. Tools like TestComplete offer drag-and-drop functionality, simplifying the test creation process. Clear navigation and accessible documentation also contribute to a positive UX, which enhances productivity.
Importance of Usability and Accessibility
Usability is not just about ease of learning but also revolves around how intuitively users can perform tasks. Accessibility ensures that all users, including those with disabilities, can interact with the tool. Tools that comply with accessibility guidelines foster an inclusive environment, enabling diverse teams to collaborate effectively.
"Quality assurance is not just about finding defects, but also about understanding the user experience and ensuring the software meets the intended purpose."
– Anonymous
By focusing on core features and user experience, this examination aims to provide a detailed understanding of automated QA testing tools necessary for decision-makers, IT professionals, and entrepreneurs. Equipped with this knowledge, stakeholders can ensure high-quality software products that align with both user expectations and business objectives.
Prelims to Automated QA Testing Tools
In today's fast-paced software development environment, the necessity for robust quality assurance practices cannot be overstated. Automated QA testing tools are instrumental in this field, providing numerous benefits that help streamline the testing process. These tools enhance efficiency and ensure that software products not only meet functional requirements but also satisfy user expectations.
Definition of Automated QA Testing
Automated QA testing refers to the process of using specialized software tools to execute pre-scripted tests on a software application before it is released into the production environment. Unlike manual testing, which involves human testers executing test cases by hand, automated testing is faster and more consistent. By automating repetitive testing tasks, businesses can save significant time and reduce the likelihood of human error, allowing testers to focus on more complex test scenarios that require cognitive skill.
Common functionalities of automated testing tools include:
- Test script creation and execution: Developers can easily write, run, and rerun tests whenever needed.
- Test data management: Tools can manage test data efficiently, ensuring proper data handling for various test scenarios.
- Result logging and reporting: These tools often provide detailed reports, offering insights into what tests passed or failed, which aids in debugging.
The Evolution of Testing Practices
The landscape of software testing has changed significantly over the last few decades. Initially, testing was entirely manual, which was labor-intensive and prone to oversight. As software complexity grew, so did the demand for more efficient testing methods.
The introduction of automated QA testing marked a turning point. Starting in the late 20th century, tools such as Mercury QTP and Selenium emerged, allowing teams to automate functional testing. As technology continues to advance, the tools have also evolved, incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve testing accuracy and efficiency.
Furthermore, with the rise of agile development and DevOps practices, automation in testing is becoming critical. Continuous testing is now vital to ensure that new features do not affect existing functionality, a necessity in modern software development cycles.
"Automation not only enhances the efficiency of quality assurance but also reinforces the commitment to delivering high-quality software products."
In each phase of its evolution, the role of automated QA testing tools has expanded. They now not only streamline the testing process but also contribute to risk management and quality control in a way that is integral to a successful software development lifecycle.
Understanding these developments sets the foundation for exploring the tools available today and the best practices for implementing them effectively.
The Importance of Automated QA Testing Tools
Automated QA testing tools are an essential component of modern software development. They provide a systematic approach to testing, which is crucial for maintaining the quality of software products. In an era where rapid development cycles are commonplace, these tools offer a structured way to enhance productivity. When teams employ automated testing, they can allocate resources more effectively and ensure a higher level of consistency in test execution.
Efficiency Gains
One of the primary benefits of automated QA testing tools is the significant increase in efficiency they offer. Traditional manual testing can be time-consuming and prone to human error. Automated tools streamline repetitive tasks, allowing testers to focus on more complex issues. For example, executing a test suite with hundreds of cases can take days manually, but automation can reduce this time to mere hours. This shift frees up valuable team resources, enabling organizations to meet tight deadlines without compromising on quality. Incorporating tools such as Selenium or Cypress can drastically lower the time-to-market for software products, enhancing the overall agility of development teams.
Error Reduction
Error reduction is another critical area where automated QA testing tools excel. Human testers are susceptible to fatigue, which can lead to mistakes in test execution or interpretation of results. Automated systems, on the other hand, perform tests consistently, producing reliable outcomes every time. This leads to better defect detection early in the development cycle, minimizing the risk of issues in production. By employing frameworks such as TestComplete, teams can significantly decrease the likelihood of errors being carried into later development stages.
"Automation not only increases efficiency but also reduces the likelihood of costly errors in software releases."
Cost-Effectiveness
The cost-effectiveness of automated QA testing tools stems from their ability to optimize resources in a measurable way. While the initial setup of automated solutions may involve substantial investment, the long-term savings can be significant. Fewer bugs in production translate to reduced costs in dealing with customer complaints and fixes post-release. In addition, companies can reduce overhead by minimizing the time testers spend on routine tasks. Tools like QTest and others provide detailed analytics that can further help organizations make informed decisions about their testing strategies. By understanding testing metrics, companies can continuously improve their processes and ultimately deliver a better product to end users.
In summary, the importance of automated QA testing tools cannot be overstated. They foster efficiency, minimize errors, and promote cost-effectiveness within software development frameworks. As the demand for high-quality software rises, so too does the necessity for effective automated testing strategies.
Types of Automated QA Testing Tools
The landscape of software development increasingly relies on automated QA testing tools. Understanding the different types of these tools is crucial for decision-makers and IT professionals. They streamline the testing process and improve product quality, thereby aligning with business objectives. With various categories available, each tool type addresses specific testing needs and offers unique benefits. Here, we explore the four main types: Functional Testing Tools, Performance Testing Tools, Security Testing Tools, and User Interface Testing Tools.
Functional Testing Tools
Functional testing tools verify that the software operates according to the specified requirements. These tools focus on checking the functionalities of applications under various conditions. Examples include Selenium and TestComplete.
The primary advantage of functional testing tools is their ability to automate repetitive tasks, freeing testers to explore more complex scenarios. They can test a wide range of functionalities, including user interactions and data processing. Additionally, these tools can integrate with other systems, ensuring a smoother workflow.
Considerations when choosing a functional testing tool include the programming languages supported and compatibility with existing development environments. The right tool must fit seamlessly into the software development life cycle, ensuring accuracy throughout the testing phases.
Performance Testing Tools
Performance testing tools evaluate the application's speed, scalability, and stability under different load conditions. Notable tools include Apache JMeter and LoadRunner. These tools simulate various user loads to identify potential bottlenecks.
The significance of performance testing cannot be understated. In a market where user satisfaction is paramount, ensuring fast and reliable application performance is vital. Performance testing tools assist in identifying issues before they affect the end users, which can save considerable revenue loss from unsatisfied customers.
When selecting performance testing tools, factors such as ease of use, detailed reporting capabilities, and support for different testing environments should be taken into account.
Security Testing Tools
Security testing tools identify vulnerabilities in applications. They assess how well an application protects against threats and ensure that sensitive data remains secure. Prominent examples include OWASP ZAP and Fortify.
The growing reliance on digital solutions amplifies the need for robust security testing. These tools help organizations comply with regulations and establish trust with their users. Security breaches can lead to severe consequences, making these tools essential for safeguarding sensitive information.
When evaluating security testing tools, think about the types of vulnerabilities they cover, ease of integration, and the ability to provide actionable insights for remediation.
User Interface Testing Tools
User interface testing tools ensure that the application's graphical user interface works as intended. They check elements like layout, design, and overall user experience. Common tools in this category include Cypress and Applitools.
User interfaces are the primary point of interaction for users, making their functionality critical. UI testing tools help ensure a consistent and pleasant user experience. They can automate the testing of visual elements, which is often tedious and time-consuming when done manually.
Considerations for selecting UI testing tools include the capability to recognize various visual elements and support for cross-browser testing. A good UI testing tool should adapt to changes in the user interface effectively, allowing for quick updates to the testing framework.
"Choosing the right type of automated QA testing tool is not just about preferences; it's about aligning tools with specific testing needs and business goals."
In summary, recognizing the various types of automated QA testing tools allows organizations to make informed decisions. Each tool type serves a distinct purpose and offers specific benefits, making them invaluable in the realm of software testing.
Features of Reliable Automated QA Testing Tools
Automated QA testing tools have become integral to ensuring software quality and efficiency. As technology advances, the role of these tools evolves as well, leading to the necessity of having certain features that boost functionality and effectiveness. Quality assurance professionals must focus on key aspects when selecting these tools to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of software testing processes.
Integration Capabilities
One of the primary focus areas is integration capabilities. The ability of automated QA testing tools to seamlessly integrate with existing development and testing environments is crucial. Tools like Selenium, for instance, can integrate with a variety of programming languages and frameworks. This functionality allows teams to leverage their current working systems without needing to overhaul their infrastructure. When choosing a tool, it is vital to consider its compatibility with CI/CD pipelines, version control systems, and other relevant tools that support software development life cycles.
Integration affects efficiency. Well-integrated tools can facilitate smoother workflows and reduce the time taken for setup and execution of tests. Having a tool that works well with others minimizes disruptions to the overall process. For organizations aiming for rapid deployment frequencies, focusing on integrations is non-negotiable.
User-Friendliness
Another important feature is user-friendliness. A tool may offer advanced functionalities, but if it is not easy to navigate or operate, it can hinder productivity significantly. An intuitive interface supports testers in focusing on testing rather than struggling with the tool itself. Automated QA testing tools should ideally have clear documentation and resources that help users understand their features easily.
Consideration for non-technical users is also essential. Testing teams may include members who are less technically inclined. Tools that come with built-in wizards or straightforward setup processes make it easier for everyone involved, allowing a broader base of professionals to efficiently conduct tests and interpret results. Thus, when looking at options, prioritize tools that exhibit a balance between advanced features and ease of use.
Reporting and Analytics
Reporting and analytics features are critical as well. Effective reporting functionality allows teams to gain insights into test results and overall application quality quickly. Automated QA testing tools should provide clear, detailed reports that summarize test outcomes, trends, and areas requiring attention.
Comprehensive analytics can aid in understanding defects more profoundly, offering metrics that track test performance over time. This data is invaluable; it helps stakeholders make informed decisions and drives enhancements in both the product and the development process.
Moreover, the ability to customize reports means that teams can focus on the metrics that matter most to them, ensuring relevance in a fast-paced environment where priorities may shift. High-quality reporting turns raw data into actionable insights – an essential feature for informed decision-making in software development.
"Selecting the right automated QA testing tools is not merely about their capabilities but how well they fit into existing workflows, promote ease of use, and provide valuable insights through data."
Popular Automated QA Testing Tools
Automated QA testing tools are fundamental in today's software development landscape. Their selection can significantly impact both the quality of the project and the efficiency of the development team. Given the myriad options available, understanding which tools are considered popular and why can help teams make informed decisions that align with their unique needs.
Overview of Leading Solutions
Understanding the leading automated QA testing tools becomes essential for organizations striving for optimized software testing practices. Not every tool fits every situation, and their distinct attributes cater to various needs. Some focus on specific testing types while others offer robust, all-in-one testing capabilities.
Comparative Analysis
Selenium
Selenium is prominent in the field of automated testing. It is known for its versatility in supporting multiple programming languages and browser environments. What makes Selenium particularly valuable is its ability to simulate user interactions in web applications. The key characteristic that sets it apart is the extensive community support and available documentation. This community fosters ongoing development and enhancement.
Selenium's unique feature is its WebDriver component, which allows for detailed control over web browser events. Its advantage lies in its ability to support various browsers, while its disadvantage may include a steeper learning curve compared to other tools.
Cypress
Cypress has emerged as a benefical choice for front-end testing. Known for its simplicity and speed, it provides a better developer experience, especially for those focused on JavaScript applications. The key characteristic of Cypress lies in its architecture that runs tests in the same run-loop as the application. This results in superb debugging capabilities.
A unique feature of Cypress is its real-time browser preview, which updates automatically as tests run. The advantage of its easy installation and usage is significant, but it may fall short when dealing with multiple browser environments, as it mainly supports Chrome-based browsers.
TestComplete
TestComplete offers a comprehensive automated testing solution that supports a range of scripting languages. A notable key characteristic is its user-friendly interface, catering to both beginners and experienced testers alike. This tool's ability to integrate seamlessly with CI/CD processes enhances its overall appeal.
The unique feature of TestComplete is its record-and-playback capability, which allows users to capture actions and convert them into automated tests easily. While this feature facilitates quicker test creation, it can also lead to fragile tests, requiring careful attention during maintenance.
QTest
QTest stands out as a versatile test management platform integrating with various automation tools. Its key characteristic is its capability to streamline the QA process through effective tracking and reporting mechanisms. Being adaptable to many other testing tools makes QTest a favored choice among teams managing multiple testing environments.
QTest's unique feature lies in its comprehensive dashboard and reporting tools, which provide clear insights into testing efforts. Its advantage is significant for large teams but may present challenges in terms of steep pricing and initial setup complexities.
The evolution of automated testing is tied closely to the tools selected, as they can either streamline or complicate processes. Understanding the unique characteristics of these popular tools aids in decisive planning for successful implementation.
Evaluating Automated QA Testing Tools
Evaluating automated QA testing tools is a crucial step in optimizing software development processes. It requires a systematic approach that delves into specific business needs and the current technological environment. The right selection can significantly impact testing outcomes, enhancing efficiency and quality in software delivery. Organizations must consider not only the tool's capabilities but also how well it aligns with existing workflows and systems.
Effective evaluation will refine the testing strategy and help in identifying tools that can integrate well with ongoing practices. This process can lead to streamlined testing cycles, which are essential for meeting release deadlines without compromising quality. It allows teams to leverage automation to detect issues early, thereby reducing risk and costs associated with late-stage defect resolution.
Identifying Business Requirements
Identifying business requirements is the first step in evaluating automated QA testing tools. This involves understanding the specific needs of the organization and how testing tools can address those needs. Key factors to consider include:
- Project Scope: Define the type of applications being tested. Different tools are optimized for web applications, mobile apps, or enterprise solutions.
- Team Expertise: Assess the skills of team members. Tools should match the team's technological proficiency to minimize the learning curve.
- Testing Goals: Identify goals such as improving accuracy, increasing test coverage, or speeding up test execution.
- Budget Constraints: Consider the financial implications of various tools and choose solutions that provide the best value.
Gathering this information will provide a foundation for selecting tools that align with company objectives.
Assessing Compatibility with Existing Systems
Assessing compatibility with existing systems is vital to ensure seamless integration of automated QA testing tools. The following aspects should be closely examined:
- Technology Stack: Evaluate how the tool fits within the current technology stack, including programming languages, frameworks, and databases in use.
- Integration with CI/CD: Check whether the tool supports Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment processes. Tools that can integrate with Jenkins, GitLab, or Travis CI enhance workflow and efficiency.
- Data Management Systems: Understand how the tool interacts with existing databases and data management systems. This is critical for ensuring smooth test data handling.
- User Interface Compatibility: Ensure that the tool can adequately test user interfaces across different devices and platforms.
A thorough assessment in this area minimizes disruptions and enhances the benefits derived from automation across the software development lifecycle.
Best Practices for Implementing Automated QA Testing Tools
The implementation of automated QA testing tools can be a transformative decision for software development teams. However, to ensure that these tools provide maximum benefits, following established best practices is essential. This section delves into key aspects that will help teams integrate these tools effectively, enhance productivity, and maintain software quality.
Creating a Testing Strategy
Establishing a well-defined testing strategy is foundational for successful automation. A testing strategy lays out objectives, scope, timelines, and methodologies to ensure comprehensive coverage of functionalities. Without a coherent strategy, teams may end up with fragmented efforts.
- Define Goals: Setting clear goals for automation is crucial. What specific objectives does your team want to achieve? Reducing testing time? Increasing coverage?
- Choose the Right Tests: Not all tests should be automated. Focus on repetitive tests, regression tests, or performance tests that require consistency.
- Establish Priorities: Identify which applications or features will benefit most from automation. This prioritization can save resources and align with business needs.
- Select Tools Wisely: Different tools serve various purposes. Consider tools that align with your technology stack and business requirements.
By creating a structured strategy, teams can ensure a more organized and effective implementation process.
Training and Skill Development
The success of automated QA testing relies heavily on the competency of the team implementing it. Ensuring that team members are well-trained and possess the necessary skills will facilitate smoother transitions and enhance tool effectiveness.
- Provide Comprehensive Training: Training sessions should cover the tool's functionalities, best practices, and integration with existing workflows. Offering initial guided training can help in building confidence among team members.
- Encourage Continuous Learning: The tech landscape evolves rapidly. Encourage team members to stay updated with emerging trends and features in QA testing tools through workshops, webinars, and online courses.
- Promote Collaboration: Foster a culture where team members can share knowledge and experiences. Utilize forums or internal platforms for discussion and query resolution.
"Investing in training not only improves skill levels but also boosts morale and engagement within the team."
Skill development goes beyond initial training; it is an ongoing process crucial to maintaining the efficacy of automated testing practices.
Challenges in Automated QA Testing
Automated QA testing tools offer many advantages, but they also present unique challenges that require attention. Recognizing these challenges is vital for organizations aiming to implement effective testing solutions. Effective management of these challenges can lead to improved testing outcomes, reduced costs, and ultimately a more robust software development lifecycle.
Addressing False Positives and Negatives
One significant issue in automated QA testing is the occurrence of false positives and false negatives. A false positive arises when the testing tool incorrectly identifies a defect in the system when no actual defect exists. This can lead to unnecessary debugging and increased workload for the development and QA teams. Conversely, a false negative occurs when the tool fails to identify a real defect, potentially resulting in software that is released to end-users with critical issues.
To mitigate these risks, teams should adopt a multi-faceted approach:
- Test Case Design: Carefully designed test cases can minimize false results. Engaging domain experts during this process enhances relevance and accuracy.
- Regular Maintenance: Test scripts need ongoing adjustments according to the evolving application. Keeping them up to date helps reduce erroneous outcomes.
- Continuous Feedback Loops: Regularly analyzing testing results and integrating feedback mechanisms can significantly improve detection rates.
- Using Thresholds: Implementing thresholds for acceptable error rates in test results can help prioritize real issues versus minor gaps.
Addressing these aspects not only enhances the reliability of automated testing but also ensures that teams can spend their resources on critical tasks rather than resolving unnecessary alerts.
Maintaining Test Scripts
Maintaining test scripts is another pivotal challenge in automated QA testing. The dynamic nature of software development means that applications undergo frequent updates. This translates into an ever-evolving framework for automated tests. Therefore, ensuring that test scripts are up to date is crucial to maintaining their effectiveness.
Key considerations for maintaining test scripts include:
- Version Control: Employing version control mechanisms helps track changes and maintain consistency across iterations of test scripts.
- Refactoring: Periodically revisiting and refactoring test code can streamline the scripts, improve readability, and enhance maintainability.
- Documentation: Thoroughly documenting test scripts and their intended functionality aids in understanding and updating them efficiently.
- Automation Framework Updates: As tools like Selenium and TestComplete evolve, ensuring that test scripts are compatible with the latest versions of these tools is essential.
Incorporating these practices will foster a robust testing environment that adapts efficiently to the underlying software changes, thereby ensuring ongoing quality and performance of automated QA processes.
Future Trends in Automated QA Testing Tools
The landscape of software development continually evolves, necessitating adaptability in testing practices. Understanding future trends in automated QA testing tools is essential for organizations striving to maintain competitive advantage. By anticipating changes, businesses can implement strategies that leverage these advancements, ensuring high-quality outputs that align with market demands.
Artificial Intelligence in QA Testing
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in QA testing is not merely a trend; it represents a fundamental transformation in how software is tested. AI enhances automated testing capabilities by introducing smarter algorithms that can learn from historical data. This not only improves the accuracy of test outcomes but also optimizes testing processes.
AI-powered tools can effectively analyze vast amounts of test data, identifying potential issues that may elude traditional methods. For instance, predictive analytics can forecast defects before they manifest in live software, thus reducing the likelihood of critical failures. Moreover, AI can enable continuous testing practices, facilitating quick feedback cycles that are vital in agile development environments.
However, the deployment of AI in testing also requires careful consideration. Decision-makers must evaluate the complexity of AI solutions and their impact on existing workflows. Training and upskilling staff to work alongside these advanced tools becomes imperative. Organizations should weigh the initial investment against the long-term benefits of adopting AI-driven testing.
Test Automation within DevOps
The collaboration of test automation and DevOps is shaping the future of software development. As companies embrace DevOps practices, the demand for seamless integration of automation tools into the development pipeline increases. Test automation is crucial in this context, as it ensures that testing keeps pace with the rapid release cycles characteristic of DevOps.
With the rise of continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD), automated testing becomes a fundamental component. Automated tests can be executed at various stages of the development lifecycle, enabling instant feedback and quicker responses to issues.
This integration enhances not only the speed but also the reliability of software delivery. Key benefits of test automation within DevOps include:
- Reduced time-to-market: Automated tests expedite the validation of software changes.
- Increased test coverage: Automation allows for extensive testing without the burden of increased manual effort.
- Enhanced collaboration: Teams can work more effectively when testing is part of the development process.
"Embracing these trends is not optional for forward-thinking organizations; it is integral to sustaining success in an increasingly technology-driven market."
By staying attuned to these shifts, companies can navigate the complexities of software testing more effectively, ultimately delivering superior products that meet user expectations.
Culmination: The Path Forward for Automated QA Testing
In an era where software quality and reliability is paramount, the discussion surrounding automated QA testing tools is ever-growing. The final section of this article emphasizes the necessity of strategic implementation and continuous improvement. This approach not only enhances testing accuracy but also aligns the tools with the broader business objectives.
Automation in QA testing is no longer merely optional; it is essential for organizations striving to remain competitive. The incorporation of automated testing tools allows for rapid feedback cycles, which are crucial in today’s fast-paced development environments. Companies can significantly reduce time-to-market while ensuring that product quality meets or exceeds stakeholder expectations.
Strategic Adoption of Tools
Selecting the right automated QA testing tools offers various benefits. Organizations should evaluate their specific needs, resources, and existing workflows. This strategic adoption means understanding which tool best fits the unique requirements of the project or organization.
When selecting tools, consider the following aspects:
- Compatibility: Ensure the tool integrates well with other systems in use, facilitating seamless workflows.
- Scalability: As projects grow, technology should adapt without losing efficiency.
- Community and Support: A strong support network enhances the tool's long-term viability.
Adopting automation technology is not simply about installing new software. It requires a cultural shift toward valuing quality at all levels of the organization. With senior management on board, teams gain the support necessary to acquire and implement advanced testing frameworks, such as Selenium or Cypress, effectively.
Emphasizing Continuous Improvement in QA Processes
Once automated testing tools are in place, continual assessment and refinement are crucial. Automated QA testing should be dynamic, adjusting to the changing landscape of software development. Continuous improvement hinges on regular feedback from team members and results from test execution.
Strategies to implement continuous improvement include:
- Regularly updating test scripts: As the software evolves, tests must be revised to cover new features or changes in functionality.
- Retrospective analyses: Conduct analyses after each testing cycle to identify bottlenecks or areas for improvement.
- Training sessions: Periodically invest in training staff to stay abreast of advancements in automation tools and practices.
The key to success in automated QA testing lies in an iterative approach that fosters learning and collaboration. This ensures that teams remain agile, ultimately leading to higher quality output and satisfied customers.
"In software development, continuous learning is paramount. The best solutions emerge from adapting to new challenges."
